I was able to clone the "working" image, but it behaved the same as the non-working image. Yes, I can run raspian (buster?) no problem.
What I had tried was updating using a Pi Zero. It got about 97% done but then stopped responding.
I took my "working" Pi and did the same thing. It, too, got to about 97% and then started giving errors. It had to do with some stuff not already installed. Once I installed what was missing, it was happy.
This updated image works in my second Pi just fine (so far). I haven't had much chance to really test it completely with it being monsoon season and all, but I have confidence.