The StarAdventurer doesn't support goto so Ekos cannot command it. You need to use the telescope simulator and perform all movements manually. Guiding can be achieved via the ST4 port.
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Some obvious questions: what guide scope and camera do you use? And why not use the main imaging camera for PA?
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There is the possibility that GPhoto2 shipped with AstroBerry is older than the one used by Entangle which may explain why your cameras are not working with AstroBerry. Did you run Entangle on AstroBerry and did you verify that they are using the same version of GPhoto2?
It is possible to start the INDI server and camera driver manually on the command line. Doing that may reveal the error that happens. I agree of course that the error message isn't helpful at all.
Device support on Windows is more extensive but this is not because Linux is not mature but simply lack of support of the device vendors. Almost all work on GPhoto2, INDI and AstroBerry is done by volunteers without support from the vendors which explains the issues. This of course doesn't help you but perhaps you could redirect your frustration to the vendors instead of the volunteers 
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Great that you managed to solve the B/W issue. Sorry, I have no experience with Nikon cameras.
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Regarding the D600 and black and white images: all images need to be debayered first. Make sure to enable auto-debayering in the KStars preferences.
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An earlier version of what exactly? Stellarmete? Astroberry? KStars installed on Ubuntu? Please clarify.
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Perhaps it is related to a change in QT or a config setting for QT? It looks like a display issue to me. Does it also happen if you try with a different screen resolution?
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The gain of the guide camera can be adjusted in the INDI configuration panel, just like the gain of the main camera. Is that not sufficient for you?
Wouter
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Did you buy a new ASI120MM? If yes then it probably is an ASI120MM-S (USB3) camera which should work with all modern operating systems. If you bought it second hand then you may not get it to work at all, even if you install the "compatible" firmware. See also this discussion:
www.indilib.org/forum/ccds-dslrs/9702-zwo-vs-qhy.html
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