The focal length of a lens or telescope is independent of the size of the sensor of the camera used. So 200 mm remains 200 mm regardless of if you use a 1 x 1 mm sensor or a 100 x 100 mm sensor. Ekos can indeed compute the new FOV but you need to clear the DSLR info in the imaging tab before you start imaging. There is a trashcan icon that you need to click and then Ekos will ask you for the new info.
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There is no proper ADU value for 8 bit since you should not take 8 bit images silly.png For 16 bit many people suggest to have the peak in the middle (which would be around 32000 ADU) but I advice to go much higher (around 55000 or more as long as you don't get saturated pixels) to make the best use of the full dynamic range of the sensor.
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Adding to that, why don't you shoot at 16 bit RAW? That is the preferred format for the ASI533MC camera.
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What camera do you use? Is it a DSLR or an Astro CMOS camera? If the latter, what offset are you using and are you sure that the offset for the lights and darks is the same?
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The StarAdventurer doesn't support goto so Ekos cannot command it. You need to use the telescope simulator and perform all movements manually. Guiding can be achieved via the ST4 port.
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Some obvious questions: what guide scope and camera do you use? And why not use the main imaging camera for PA?
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There is the possibility that GPhoto2 shipped with AstroBerry is older than the one used by Entangle which may explain why your cameras are not working with AstroBerry. Did you run Entangle on AstroBerry and did you verify that they are using the same version of GPhoto2?
It is possible to start the INDI server and camera driver manually on the command line. Doing that may reveal the error that happens. I agree of course that the error message isn't helpful at all.
Device support on Windows is more extensive but this is not because Linux is not mature but simply lack of support of the device vendors. Almost all work on GPhoto2, INDI and AstroBerry is done by volunteers without support from the vendors which explains the issues. This of course doesn't help you but perhaps you could redirect your frustration to the vendors instead of the volunteers 
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Great that you managed to solve the B/W issue. Sorry, I have no experience with Nikon cameras.
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Regarding the D600 and black and white images: all images need to be debayered first. Make sure to enable auto-debayering in the KStars preferences.
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